Local-Sharia Regulations and Religious Expression in Aceh: Criticism of the Qanun about Establishing Places of Worship
Article Sidebar
-
Qanun, places of worship, human rights, religious freedoms.
Abstract
Abstract: Religious identity-based laws can cause restrictions on the expression of religious freedom in the public sphere. It occurred in the implementation of Qanun Aceh 4/2016 about the provisions for establishing places of worship in Aceh (the Qanun). The enactment of the Qanun often triggers the majority hegemony over minority groups. Having focused on criticizing the Qanun, this article analyses two aspects. Firstly, the Qanun was reviewed from human rights. Secondly, the impact of the Qanun on the map on distribution and condition of places of worship for religious minorities in each regency/city in Aceh Province. This article uses qualitative research methods by utilizing, mapping, and reviewing data from the 2020 Central Statistics Agency of Aceh Province. This study found that: firstly, the Qanun does not meet the provisions of limitations on human rights in the 1945 Indonesian Constitution, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and the Principle of Siracusa; secondly, the access for minority groups for establishing places of worship in Aceh can be mapped in three conditions, namely positive, normal and negative.
Abstract: Hukum yang didasarkan pada identitas keagamaan bisa menyebabkan pembatasan ekspresi kebebasan beragama di muka umum. Ini terjadi dalam pelaksanaan Qanun Aceh 4/2016 tentang persyaratan pendirian tempat ibadah di Aceh (Qanun). Pemberlakuan Qanun sering memicu hegemoni mayoritas terhadap kelompok minoritas. Dengan fokus untuk mengkritisi Qanun, artikel ini mengulas dua aspek. Pertama, keberadaan Qanun ditinjau dengan Hak Asasi Manusian (HAM). Kedua, pengaruh Qanun terhadap peta distribusi dan konsisi tempat ibadah bagi kelompok keagamaan minoritas di setiap kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Aceh. Artikel ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan memanfaatkan, memetakan dan mereview data tahun 2020 dari Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Aceh. Penelitian ini menemukan: pertama, Qanun tidak memenuhi persyaratan pembatasan HAM yang diatur dalam UUD 1945, Kovenan Internasional Hak Sipil-Politik, dan PrinsipSiracusa; kedua, akses kelompok minoritas atas pendirian rumah ibadah di Aceh dapat dipetakan dalam tiga konidisi, yakni positif, normal dan negatif.
Full text article
References
Adhari, Agus., “Ambiguitas Pengaturan Keadaan Bahaya dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia,” Jurnal Dialogia Iuridica 11, no. 1 (2019): 43 – 61.
Ahmad, Haidlor Ali., “Resolusi Konflik Keagamaan di Aceh Singkil dalam Perspektif Budaya Dominan,” Jurnal Harmoni 15, no. 3 (2016): 45–59, https://jurnalharmoni.kemenag.go.id/index.php/harmoni/article/view/43/29.
Akbar, Ali., dan Zainal Abidin, “Kontradiktif Kebijakan Pemerintah Kabupaten Aceh Singkil tentang Izin Pendirian Gereja,” Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FISIP Unsyiah 3, no. 3 (n.d.): 720–733, in http://www.jim.unsyiah.ac.id/FISIP/article/download/8306/3846.
Al Fairusy, Muhajir., “Model Konsensus dan Rekonsiliasi Konflik Antar-Umat Beragama di Aceh Singkil,” AlIjtima’i 1, no. 1 (2015), https://journal.ar-raniry.ac.id/index.php/jai/article/download/431/207/.
Ansor, Muhammad., "We Are From the Same Ancestors: Christian-Muslim Relations in Contemporay Aceh Singkil," Al-Albab 3, no. 1 (2014).
Ashri, Muhammad., Hak Asasi Manusia; Filosofi, Teori dan Instrumen Dasar (Makassar: Social Politic Genius, 2018).
Ayumi, Amindoni., “Api dalam Sekam’ Konflik Aceh Singkil: ’Kita Umat Kristen di Sini Merasa Terombang-Ambing,” BBC NEWS, last modified 2019, https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indon esia-50471436. Accessed 28 May 2021.
Badan Pusat Statistik, Provinsi Aceh Dalam Angka Tahun 2020, 1st edition (Banda Aceh: Badan Pusat Statistik Aceh, 2020). https://aceh.bps.go.id/publication/2020/04/27/eb7244dd105c046d07c4c8f5/provinsi-aceh-dalam-angka-2020.html. Accessed 28 May 2021.
Badan Pusat Statistik, Provinsi Aceh dalam Angka Tahun 2021, 1st edition (Banda Aceh: Badan Pusat Statistik Aceh, 2021). https://aceh.bps.go.id/publication/2021/02/26/632c7b89c74d88e9db9a9944/provinsi-aceh-dalam-angka-2021.html. Accessed 28 May 2021.
Bagir, Zainal Abidin., et al., Membatasi Tanpa Melanggar: Hak Kebebasan Beragama & Berkeyakinan (Yogyakarta: Magister Agama dan Lintas Budaya, 2019).
Barus, Salihin., “Isu Konflik Beragama Tidak Ada di Aceh Singkil,” RRI, last modified 2020, https://rri.co.id/daerah/907178/isu-konflik-beragama-tidak-ada-di-aceh-singkil. Accessed 28 May 2021.
Bielefeldt, Heiner., Politik Kesetaraan; Dimensi-Dimensi Kebebasan Beragama Atau Berkeyakinan, Edisi Terjemah (Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2019).
Binsal, Kerukunan Antar Umat Beragama di Aceh Singkil (Banda Aceh: UIN Ar-Raniry, 2017).
Bush, Robin., "Regional Sharia Regulations in Indonesia: Anamoly or Symptom?," in Expressing Islam: Religious Life and Politics in Indonesia, ed. G Fealy and S White (Singapore: ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institut, 2008): 174–191, https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/expressing-islam/regional-sharia-regulations-in-indonesia-anomaly-or-symptom/17ADC0EC43F5EDDE245669AED05BDCD9. Accessed 28 May 2021.
Colbran, Nicola., “Kebebasan Beragama atau Berkeyakinan di Indonesia: Jaminan Secara Normatif & Pelaksanaannya dalam Kehidupan Berbangsa & Bernegara,” in Kebebasan Beragama Atau Berkeyakinan: Seberapa Jauh?, ed. Tore Lindholm, et al, Edisi Terjemah (Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2010).
Colbran, Nicola., "Realities and Challenges in Realizing Freedom of Religion or Belief in Indonesia," The International Journal of Human Rights 14, no. 5 (2013). https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13642980903155166. Accessed 28 May 2021.
Emelie dan Jonatan Grinde Aho, Shrinking Space For Civil Society: Challenges In Implementing the 2030 Agenda, (Forum SYD, 2017). https://www.forumciv.org/sites/default/files/2018-03/Shrinking-Space%20-%20Challenges%20in%20implementing%20the%202030%20agenda.pdf. Accessed 28 May 2021.
Fauzi, Ihsan Ali., “Pluralisme Keagamaan: Mematok Acuan Normatif Untuk Advokasi,” in Mengelola Keragaman & Kebebasan Beragama di Indonesia: Sejarah-Teori & Advokasi, ed. Z.A. Bagir, Buku Pertama (Yogyakarta: Magister Agama dan Lintas Budaya, 2014).
Fauzi, Ihsan Ali., Mengelola Keragaman: Pemolisian Kebebasan Beragama di Indonesia (Jakarta: Yayasan Paramadina, 2012).
Hadi, Bisril., Problematika Pendirian Rumah Ibadah di Aceh (Jakarta: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2017).
Hamayotsu, Kikue., "The Limits of Civil Society in Democratic Indonesia: Media Freedom and Religious Intolerance," Journal of Contemporary Asia 43, no. 4 (2013). https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00472336.2013.780471. Accessed 28 May 2021.
Hartani, Mallia., dan Soni Akhmad Nulhaqim, “Analisis Konflik Antar Umat Beragama di Aceh Singkil,” Jurnal Kolaborasi Resolusi Konflik 2, no. 2 (2020): 93–99, http://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/jkrk/article/view/28154.
Hasan, Noorhaidi., "Religious Diversity And Blasphemy Law: Understanding Growing Religious Conflict and Intolerance in Post-Suharto Indonesia," Al-Jāmi'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 55, no. 1 (2017): 105–126.
Hidayat, Syahrul., and Hurriyah, "Indonesian Local Politics: Sharia Factors and Elite Formation in Post-Conflict Aceh," in The Challenges of Social Sciences in a Changing World (Yogyakarta: Jusuf Kalla School of Government, 2016).
Human Rights Watch, In a Religions's Name: Abuses Against Religious Minorities in Indonesia, 2013, https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/02/28/religions-name/abuses-against-religious-minorities-indonesia. Accessed 28 May 2021.
Hurriyah, “Negara dan Penyusutan Ruang Kebebasan Beragama atau Berkeyakinan di Indonesia Pasca Reformasi 1998,” in Kebebasan Beragama atau Berkeyakinan di Indonesia; Perspektif Filosofis, Hukum dan Politik, ed. Al Khanif and Dina Tsalits Wildana, 1st ed. (Malang: Intrans Publishing, 2020).
Imparsial, “Demokrasi Selektif terhadap Penegakan HAM”, Laporan Kondisi HAM Indonesia 2005 (Jakarta: Imparsial, 2006).
Kamal, Aulia., Negara dalam Pusaran Konflik Rumah Ibadah: Problem Persepsi dalam Pembentukan dan Eskalasi Konflik Rumah Ibadah Kristen di Aceh Singkil (Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2016), http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/107039.
KOMNASHAM, Kajian atas Peraturan Bersama Menteri (PBM) Antara Menteri Agama dan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 8 dan Nomor 9 Tahun 2006 tentang Pedoman Pelaksanaan Tugas Kepala Daerah/Wakil Kepala Daerah dalam Pemeliharaan Kerukunan Umat Beragama, Pemberdayaan Forum Ker, 1st Edition (Jakarta: Bagian Dukungan Pengkajian dan Penelitian Komas HAM RI, 2020).
____________, Komentar Umum Kovenan Internasional Hak Sipil & Politik-Kovenan Internasional Hak Ekonomi Sosial & Budaya, ed. KOMNASHAM (Jakarta: KOMNASHAM, 2009).
Kritian, Erdianto., “Tidak Ada Intoleransi di Aceh Singkil,” Kompas, last modified 2016, https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2016 /04/23/04330051/Tidak.Ada.Intolerans i.di.Aceh.Singkil.. Accessed 28 May 2021.
Marzuki, Suparman., Eko Riyadi, dan Knut D Asplun, Hukum HAM (Yogyakarta: PUSHAM UII, 2009).
Nur, Rochmi M., “Kronologi Pembakaran Gereja di Aceh Singkil,” Berita Tagar, last modified 2015, https://beritagar.id/artikel/berita/krono logi-pembakaran-gereja-di-singkilaceh. Accessed 28 May 2021.
Pew Research Center, A Closer Look at How Religious Restrictions Have Risen Around the World, 2019, https://www.pewforum.org/2019/07/15/a-closer-look-at-how-religious-restrictions-have-risen-around-the-world/. Accessed 28 May 2021.
Riyadi, Eko., Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia: Perspektif Internasional, Regional dan Nasional (Jakarta: Rajawali Press, 2018).
Sahlan, M., FKUB dalam Bayang-Bayang Konflik Singkil (UIN Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh, 2016).
Sari, Rosnida., “Pemenuhan Spiritual Komunitas Kristen di Tapak Tuan, Aceh Selatan,” Journal of Humanity & Social Justice 2, no. 2 (2020): 68–86, https://ojs.isjn.or.id/index.php/journalhsj/article/view/36, 68-86.
Tim Komnas HAM, Laporan Tahunan Kebebasan Beragama dan Berkeyakinan 2016, (Jakarta: Komnas HAM, 2017).
Tobroni, Faiq., “Pembatasan Kegiatan Keagamaan dalam Penanganan Covid-19,” Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH) Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha 6, no. 2 (2020): 369–395.
____________., “Asas Proporsionalitas sebagai Moderasi Pandangan Hukum Diametral,” Jurnal Yudisial 11, (2018): 307–325.
____________., “Keterlibatan Negara dalam Mengawal Kebebasan Beragama/ Berkeyakinan (Komentar Akademik Atas Judicial Review UU No.1/PNPS/1965),” Jurnal Konstitusi 7, no. 6 (2010): 97-118.
____________., “Pelarangan Aktivitas Kelompok Keagamaan Tanpa Komentar Umum KIHSP (Kajian Putusan Nomor 23 P/HUM/2011),” Jurnal Yudisial 13, no. 2 (2020): 125–144.
____________., “Pembedaan Kebebasan Beragama dan Penodaan Agama (Studi Putusan No. 69/Pid.B/2012/PN.Spg),” Jurnal Al-Jinayah 5, no. 2 (2019): 489–510.
____________., Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia, ed. Malik Fatoni, 1st edition (Banten: Desanta Mulia Visitama, 2020).
Tornquist, Olle., "Popular development and democracy : case studies with rural dimensions in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Kerala : essay commissioned under UNRISD Research Programme on Civil Society and Social Movements," Research Report, (Oslo: UiO Universitetet i Oslo, 2000), https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/32673. Accessed 28 May 2021.
Uddin, Asma T., "Religious Freedom Implications of Sharia Implementation in Aceh, Indonesia," University of Saint Thomas Law Journal 7, no. 3 (2017), https://ir.stthomas.edu/ustlj/vol7/iss3/8/.
Utari, “Komnas HAM RI Luncurkan Kajian Atas Peraturan Bersama Menteri Agama dan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 9 dan Nomor 8 Tahun 2006 terkait Pendirian Rumah Ibadah,” KOMNASHAM, last modified 2020, https://www.komnasham.go.id/index.php/news/2020/11/19/1620/komnas-ham-ri-luncurkan-kajian-atas-peraturan-bersama-menteri-agama-dan-menteri-dalam-negeri-nomor-9-dan-nomor-8-tahun-2006-terkait-pendirian-rumah-ibadah.html. Accessed 28 May 2021.
Wahid Institute, Lampu Merah Kebebasan Beragama (Jakarta: Wahid Institute, 2011), http://wahidinstitute.org/wi-eng/images/upload/dokumen/laporan_kebebasan_beragama_wahid_institute_2011.pdf. Accessed 28 May 2021.
Authors
Asy-Syir'ah : Jurnal Ilmu Syari'ah dan Hukum by Faculty of Sharia and Law, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.