Maqashid al-Syari‘ah and the Reconfiguration of Maslahah: A Critique of Classical Ushul al-Fiqh Epistemology
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Abstract
The development of the era demands adaptability and flexibility in Islamic legal responses. Unfortunately, the old paradigm of “ushul fiqh,” which is very literal, has not been able to resolve these various problems. Furthermore, this old approach often leads to debates due to differences in the methods and theories of ushul fiqh used. Therefore, criticism of the old methods and approaches is necessary, particularly through the maqashid asy-syariah approach based on maslahat. This article will elaborate on the criticism of ushul fiqh reasoning using maqashidi reasoning. This article is a literature review, with data sourced from literature and analyzed using inductive, deductive, and comparative methods. Based on Muqsith's theory of naskh al-nushush bi al-mashlahat, this article argues that the maqashid approach based on maslahah can change the law, even those already stated in the text. This article finds that the classical Islamic legal reasoning method, ushul fiqh, needs to be critiqued using the maqashid approach through contextualization, decontextualization, and recontextualization. As a result, the resulting laws will yield broader benefits. This article contributes to contemporary Islamic legal thought through the maqashid approach.
Perkembangan zaman menuntut adanya adaptabilitas dan fleksibilitas respon hukum islam. Sayangnya, pendekatan paradigma lama “ushul fiqh” yang sangat literal belum mampu menyelesaikan berbagai problem tersebut. Lebih jauh, pendekatan lama tersebut kerap menimbulkan perdebatan karena perbedaan metode dan teori ushul fiqh yang digunakan. Oleh sebab itu, kritik atas metode dan pendekatan lama perlu dilakukan, khususnya dengan pendekatan maqashid asy-syariah yang berbasis maslahat. Artikel ini akan mengelaborasi kritik nalar ushul fiqh dengan menggunakan nalar maqashidi. Artikel ini merupakan penelitian pustaka, yang datanya bersumber dari literatur, dan dianalisis dengan metode induktif, deduktif, serta komparatif. Berdasarkan teori naskh al-nushush bi al-mashlahat yang diusung Muqsith, artikel ini berargumentasi bahwa pendekatan maqashid yang berbasis maslahah dapat mengubah hukum, bahkan yang sudah tertera dalam teks. Artikel ini menemukan bahwa metode istinbat hukum islam klasik, ushul fiqh, perlu dikritik menggunakan pendekatan maqashid dengan cara kontekstualisasi, diskontekstualisasi, dan rekontekstualisasi. Dengan begitu, hukum yang dihasilkan akan lebih menimbulkan manfaat yang lebih luas. Artikel ini berkontribusi pada pemikiran hukum islam kontemporer dengan pendekatan maqashid.
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